Basic format (Author-Date Style)
In addition to having a references list at the end of your
paper, you must give credit to sources that you use within your paper. Usually
the author's last name and publication date are enough for the reader to
identify the complete reference in the references list. See the examples below
for variations of this general rule.
Author's name in text
If you cite the author's name in your paper, cite only the
publication year in parentheses after the author's name.
Example
In Silent Spring, Carsen (1962) made an intelligent and
passionate case for the immediate cessation of careless and pervasive pesticide
use.
References
Carsen, R. (1962). Silent spring. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett.
APA Manual 3.94 (p. 207)
Author's name in reference
If you do not cite the author's name in your paper, then
include both the author's last name and the publication year in parentheses at
the end of the sentence separated by a comma.
Example
Silent Spring was one of the first books to discuss
dangers of pesticide use (Carsen, 1962).
References
Carsen, R. (1962). Silent spring. Greenwich, CT:
Fawcett.
APA Manual 3.94 (p. 207)
No author listed (cite by title)
When there is no author listed for a work, include the first
few words of the title followed by the publication year in parentheses at the
end of the sentence.
Example
Many in the liquor industry argue that the ban on television
liquor advertising gives those in the beer and wine industry an unfair advantage
("Liquor Advertising," 2002).
References
Liquor advertising on TV. (2002, January 18). Issues &
Controversies, n.p. Retrieved April 24, 2004 from Facts.com database.
APA Manual 3.97 (p. 210)
Citing part of a work (page and paragraph numbers)
Page numbers
When you quote or paraphrase a specific part of a print or
online source give the relevant page, chapter, figure, table or equation in
parentheses at the end of the sentence after the author's last name and
publication date.
Example
"Time management is an important survival skill" (Brown, 2003,
p. 6).
References
Brown, D. C. (2003). No time for time management? Behavioral
agencies have several options for improving staff efficiency. Behavioral
Healthcare Tomorrow, 12(6), 27-30. Retrieved July 27, 2005, from General
Onefile database.
Paragraph numbers
In an online source that does not provide page numbers, give
the paragraph number, preceded by the ? symbol or the abbreviation para. after
the author's last name and publication date.
Examples
The water level in the Great Lakes has gone down in recent
years (Assel, 2004, para. 5).
The water level in the Great Lakes has gone down in recent
years (Assel, 2004, para. 5).
References
Assel, R. A. (2004). Hydroclimatic factors of the recent
record drop in Laurentian Great Lakes water levels. Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, 85, 1143-1151. Retrieved January 23, 2007, from
Wilson Select Plus database.
Section headings
If there are no page or paragraph numbers, cite the section
heading and number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the
information.
Example
According to Jones (1994), binge drinking is widespread on
college campuses (Conclusion section, para. 1).
References
Jones, S. E. (2001). Binge drinking among undergraduate
college students in the United States: Implications for other substance use.
Journal of American College Health, 50(1), 33-38. Retrieved January 23, 2007
from Wilson Select Plus database.
APA Handbook 3.101 (p. 213)
Multiple authors
Two authors
Cite both authors' last names and the publication date every
time you refer to the work in your paper. In parentheses, use an ampersand (&)
to separate the authors' names.
Example
They believe that a key aspect of the growth of dance on the
American cultural scene has been the expansion of dance education in varied
forms (Kraus & Hilsendager, 1981).
References
Kraus, R. G., & Hilsendager, S. C. (1981). History of the
dance in art and education. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Three, four, or five authors
Cite all the authors' last names and the publication date the
first time you refer to the work. If you refer the work again, cite the first
author's last name followed by et al.
Example
Oliver, Chiras, and Reganold (2004) offer sustainable
solutions to global resource and environmental problems.
Oliver et al. argue that...
References
Oliver, O. S., Chiras, D. D., & Reganold, J. P. (2004).
Natural resource conservation (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Simon &
Schuster.
Six or more authors
Cite the last name of the first author followed by et al. and
the publication date the first time you refer to a work and in each new
paragraph. If you cite the work again in the same paragraph, do not include the
year of publication.
Examples
Knight et al. (2002) found that college students have been
exposed to alcohol before attending college.
In the research study, Knight et al. focused on interviewing
undergraduate students.
References
Knight, J. R., Wechsler, H., Kou, M., Seibering, M., Weitzman,
E. R., & Schuckit, M. A. (2002). Alcohol abuse and dependence among U.S. college
students Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(3), 263-271. Retrieved
February 15, 2007, from Academic Onefile database.
APA Manual 3.95 (p. 208)
Two or more works by the same author(s)
To cite two or more works by the same author, include the
author's last name and the publication year in parentheses at the end of the
sentence. If one author has two publications in the same year, add the suffixes
a, b, c after the year.
Example
Not all early Irish monks were meek and mild (Herm, 1976a).
References
Herm, G. (1976a). The Celts: The people who came out of the
darkness. London: Weidenfeld.
Herm, G. (1976b). The Phoenicians: The purple empire of the
ancient world. New York: Morrow.
APA Manual 3.99 (p. 212)
Personal communications (interview, letter, email)
References to personal communications do not appear in the
reference list. Personal communication references in text should provide the
initials and last name of the person and the exact date of the communication.
Examples
J. J. McKenzie (personal communication, August 30, 2002)
confirmed that he was one of the unofficial organizers of the teachers' strike.
He confirmed that he was one of the unofficial organizers of
the teachers' strike (J. J. McKenzie, personal communication, August 30, 2002).
APA Manual 3.102 (p. 214)
Examples are based on the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, fifth edition, and assistance provided
by APA editorial staff. When available, APA rule numbers are referenced from:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Ref BF 76.7
.P83 2001 (TLC second floor)
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